Abstract: The governance of critical data is a key component in maintaining national data sovereignty security and developing a comprehensive framework for national data management. China has only recently begun to focus on critical data governance, highlighting the need to incorporate international experiences to build an effective and robust system for managing critical data. This study explores theories and policies regarding critical data governance from both a domestic and international perspective, and it also summarizes governance models in Europe and America to extract key strategies. Furthermore, this study delves into the progress of critical data governance in China, identifying the risks in the pre-event, in-event and post-event periods within the context of Chinese data management. This study, from a data sovereignty perspective, constructs a critical data governance system based on piezoelectricity theory. This proposed system covers the entire life cycle of critical data and involves multiple stakeholders. It introduces a closed-loop mechanism for the governance of critical data, which focuses on pre-event monitoring, in-event response, and post-event feedback.

Key words: Data sovereignty, Critical data, Data governance, Piezoelectric theory, Government-enterprise collaboration